Real Estate Investment Analysis: Capitalization Rates vs. Leveraged Yields
In residential and commercial real estate investing, assessing risk-adjusted returns requires evaluating Net Operating Income (NOI), Cap Rates, and leveraged Cash-on-Cash velocity.
1. Essential Real Estate Equations
- Net Operating Income (NOI):
Effective Gross Rent − Operating Expenses − Maintenance Reserve - Cap Rate:
NOI / Purchase Price × 100 - Net Rental Yield:
NOI / Total All-in Acquisition Cost × 100 - Cash-on-Cash Return:
(NOI − Debt Service) / Total Cash Equity Invested × 100
2. Location-Based Cap Rate Benchmarks
Tier-1 Prime Metro Assets generally trade at 3.0% to 4.0% Cap Rates (capital appreciation play). Suburban Class-B Assets trade around 4.5% to 6.0%, while High-Yield Secondary Markets command 7.0%+ Cap Rates to offset higher tenant turnover risks.